The main data sources used in our study are as follows: 1) Energy consumption and material inputs are obtained from investigations in Tai Lake Watershed; 2) The energy use emission factor is obtained from our own calculation, IPCC, and the literature.3) The fugitive emissions during landfilling, incineration, and composting are mainly determined by the model given in the other study as well as by the IPCC factors (2006), except for the CH4 emission in landfilling, which is obtained from study.4) Data from theoretical calculations (see Incineration section). This LCA data should be utilized carefully considering the regional specificity of the sludge treatment process. The functional unit here is one dry ton (DT) of sludge, which should be consistently applied when assessing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to various handling stages of municipal sludge. Users should ensure that methodological approaches are compatible with the regional practices and regulations relevant to the Tai Lake Watershed. Inclusions or exclusions of processes such as recycling or energy recovery should align with the goal and scope of the study.