The article is based on research data collected from farmers and utilizes the theory of agricultural carbon footprint and life cycle assessment to quantitatively study the size and composition of the carbon footprint of the rice-wheat rotation system in the downstream area of the Yangtze River. Additionally, it further analyzes the factors that influence the carbon footprint. Users of this LCA data set should ensure the appropriate application of the information to models or assessments that are specific to agricultural practices and environmental impact analyses within similar climatic and geographic locations. Care should be taken to apply the agricultural added value ratios correctly for comparative studies. Exclusions in the data due to incomplete information from respondents should be noted, and assumptions for these gaps should be clearly stated. The distinction between agricultural input and crop production systems must be recognized when analyzing the boundary system of the LCA.