The article is based on research data collected from farmers and utilizes the theory of agricultural carbon footprint and life cycle assessment to quantitatively study the size and composition of the carbon footprint of the rice-wheat rotation system in the downstream area of the Yangtze River. Additionally, it further analyzes the factors that influence the carbon footprint. When utilizing this dataset for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), data users should incorporate the agricultural input production system and crop production system as defined by the system boundaries in their model. Users should account for inputs such as chemical fertilizers and electricity, and outputs including agricultural products and pollutants. Data should be verified for consistency with local agricultural values, and any methodological adaptations for regional practices should be considered. The provided data is based on thorough research but should be used in conjunction with contemporary, region-specific data if available.