This dataset describes the freshwater impoundment construction process, which is a preparatory stage for shale gas production. The impoundment is used for storing water required in hydraulic fracturing activities, a key phase in extracting shale gas. The data is specifically representative of practices in the Sichuan and Chongqing regions, which are pivotal areas of shale gas extraction in China. LCA practitioners should use the data with the understanding that it reflects site preparation practices for shale gas production unique to the Sichuan and Chongqing regions during 2014 to 2016. As such, adjustments may be necessary if applying to different geographic regions or time periods. The exclusion or inclusion of subsequent water recycling or treatment processes should be clarified based on the goal and scope of the specific LCA study.